Europos draudimo sutarčių teisės principai ir Bendroji pagrindų sistema

LTEuropos Sąjungos (ES) valstybių narių, tarp jų ir Lietuvos, draudikai turi teisę teikti paslaugas neįsisteigę kitose ES valstybėse narėse. Nepaisant to, faktiškai šia teise naudojamasi vangiai. Viena iš priežasčių - skirtingos ES teisės normos, reglamentuojančios draudimo sutartis’. Tad užtikrinant ES bendros vidaus rinkos funkcionavimą, draudimo sutarčių teisės derinimo klausimas yra neišvengiamas. Šiame darbe mėginama įvertinti pastarųjų kelių dešimtmečių bandymus derinti ES draudimo sutarčių teisę. Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama Europos draudimo sutarčių teisės principams ir jų vietai Bendrojoje pagrindų sistemoje (BPS). Pažymėtina, kad darbe nėra analizuojami Europos draudimo sutarčių teisės principų ir BPS teisinės galios klausimai (t. y. ar BPS bei Europos draudimo sutarčių teisės principai bus direktyva, kurią reikės perkelti į nacionalinę teisę, ar tiesiogiai taikomas reglamentas, ar taisyklių, kurias šalys turi teisę pasirinkti, rinkinys, ar modelis ES valstybių narių įstatymų leidėjams ir 1.1.). Atsakymai į šiuos klausimus yra tolesnių politinių ES valstybių narių diskusijų dalykas.

ENThe paper analyses efforts to create unified European Insurance Contract Law with the special focus on Principles of European Insurance Contract Law and the Common Frame of Reference (CFR). The text of the Principles allows concluding that Project Group on Restatement of European Insurance Contract Law using method of comparative law has tried to create a golden mean between legal provisions of insurance contract law of different EU Member States. Failure to invite more representatives from new Member States that recently have undergone reforms of their insurance contract law and who could have given significant input for the Project Group is one of the examples how comparative law tools were not used properly. Another important problem stressed by the paper is failure to include rules of Principles of European Insurance Contract Law into the CFR. Most legal scholars involved in drafting would like to see rules of the Principles of European Insurance Contract Law integrated into the CFR. Logic behind is quite straightforward - rules on insurance contracts form a special part of contract law as legal rules governing other specific types of contracts, therefore special rules should be compatible with general ones. However, it seems that this point of view was not fully shared by the Project Group. Although draft of 17 December 2007 has the heading named "Common Frame of Reference, Chapter III, section IX", text of Principles of European Insurance Contract Law is not integrated into the CFR. Article 1:105 may serve as example - it establishes a rule that questions arising from the insurance contract, which are not expressly settled in the Principles of European Insurance Contract Law, are to be settled in conformity with the Principles of European Contract Law (and not with other provisions of CFR!).The approach which sees Principles of European Insurance Contract Law as rather autonomous from CFR rules deserves some critique as it ruins the systematic approach to the CFR as a single set of private law rules. One of the reasons to have uniform European Insurance Contract Law were transaction costs the insurers face while entering different markets with their products. However, insurers selling products abroad will often involve specialised entities (e.g. intermediaries, claim managers, loss adjusters etc) thus entering into contractual relations on other Member States not only with policyholders, but also with other legal or natural persons. Having general part of the CFR as a general basis of relations outside insurance contracts, and having Principles of European Contract Law as the general part to the Principles of European Insurance Contract Law, means dealing with civil contracts with different legal regimes, and this obviously will not contribute to the decrease of the transactions costs, but, to the contrary, will increase them.