Visuomenės nuomonės apklausos Lietuvoje 1989-1992 m.: metodiniai ypatumai ir tyrimų diskursas

LTStraipsnyje pateikiami 1989-1992 m. Viešosios nuomonės tyrimų centro prie Filosofijos, sociologijos ir teisės instituto reprezentatyvių tyrimų duomenys. Pirmiausia charakterizuojama to laikotarpio empirinių tyrimų metodika, pabrėžiant tuo metu buvusius ypatumus. Parodoma partinių preferencijų dinamika, to meto politikų vertinimai ir jų kaita. Analizuojami duomenys apie Lietuvos gyventojų požiūrį į nepriklausomybę, o taip pat tautinių grupių nuostatų ypatumai šiuo klausimu. Straipsnyje pateikiami duomenys apie žiniasklaidos svarbą tuo laikotarpiu, apie žiniasklaidos vartojimo intensyvumą. Lietuvos ekonominės situacijos, savo šeimos materialinės padėties vertinimo dinamika, taip pat klausimų apie kasdieninius gyvenimo ypatumus formuluotės atskleidžia sudėtingą to istorinio laikotarpio situaciją.

ENPublic Opinion Research Center under Institute of Philosophy, Sociology and Law was established in March 1989. During the period of 1989-1992 this Center conducted 19 representative surveys on political, economic and social issues. One of the main questions in questionnaires ofthat time were the attitudes towards Lithuania's independence. The majority of people were for the independent Lithuania, but the empirical data shows that a considerable part of the population preferred "step-by-step" policy (especially the ethnic minorities). Since 1989, voting preferences and sympathies toward different parties (scale from -5 to +5) were investigated. The most interesting thing at that period were changes in ratings of the Lithuanian Communist party after its separation from the Soviet Union Communist party and a further dynamics of popularity of two political forces: Sąjūdis and Lithuanian Communist party. An open-ended question "Which politicians of Lithuania, in your opinion, represent your interests the best?" was used for measuring the popularity of politicians. Surveys revealed that during 1989-1992 in different periods the most popular were three politicians: Algirdas Brazauskas, Vytautas Landsbergis and Kazimira Prunskienė. Mass media surveys during 1989-1992 had shown not only a very intense consumption of information through the mass media, but also a huge trust in different media channels and their influence on a political process. It is important that in archives we have interesting data about the possibilities to watch and a level of trust in TV transmitted by the TV tower occupied by the Soviet military structures. This data shows a strong negative attitude towards this TV.Nowadays it is even difficult to understand many questions about an everyday economic life of the population: e.g., how much of salt a respondent has a home, how people use special vouchers for buying goods, etc. The economic situation at that time was evaluated absolutely negatively. Polls conducted by the Public Opinion Research Center during 1989-1992 well illustrate political, economic and social characteristics ofthat time. The results of these surveys have been published in many publications (also in English), but a part of them has never been disseminated at all. We are planning to publish the unknown or forgotten data of that period in the future as well.