ENThe independence of the Baltic states ended when Stalin occupied and annexed Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to the USSR in 1940. In 1991, after four years of intense but peaceful struggle that contributed to the demise of the Soviet Union, the Baltic states regained independence. In this updated edition of their renowned The Baltic States, Romuald Misiunas and Rein Taagepera bring the story of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia up to the 1990s. The authors describe and analyze how the Baltic nations survived fifty years of social disruption, language discrimination, and Russian colonialism. The nations' histories are fully integrated and compared, and some notable differences between them are pointed out. With two new chapters, a revised preface, and an appendix on the end of Soviet domination, this expanded study covers a tumultuous period of political, economic, cultural, and ecological reform.