Įvežtiniai meniniai ir buitiniai dirbiniai Lietuvoje

LTŠiuo straipsniu, remiantis archyviniais šaltiniais, publikuotais tyrimais mėginta apibūdinti IX-XVIII a. meninių, buitinių dirbinių importo centrus, struktūrą, įvežtinių objektų pobūdį. XVII-XVIII a. įvežtiniai daiktai tirti išsamiau, kadangi apie juos surinkta daugiau faktų. Analizuojamas dirbinių importas į dabartinės Lietuvos teritoriją. Tyrinėjami tekstilės, metalo, keramikos, stiklo dirbiniai ir baldai.

ENThis article provides new documentary information about imported wares of applied art. Attention in this study is focused on imported goods in the 14th-18th centuries. This period of artistic wares import has been researched only fragmentarily. Imported articles induced spreading of new ideas, expression means and technologies. In the course of time the centres of import changed. In the Middle Ages articles from Bysantia, Syria and Egypt dominated. Intensive trade relations with Sweden, Gotland cities, Kiev and Novgorod were maintained. From the 12th to 16th century Hansa merchants had the monopoly to supply the Baltic countries with wares of European handicraf- stmen. Later Dutch and English merchants controled trade in Europe. Karaliaučius and Riga were the centres of international trade across Lithuania. Inhabitants of Lithuania bought mostly textile, elements of costume. Cloth, linen fabrics from Holland and Germany dominated in all periods. Gentry ordered tapestries in manufacturies in Brussels. Another important kind of import to Lithuania was metalware. Iron, tin, copper for industry were usually imported; import of tools, plates was rare. The kinds of imported ware changed. From the 8th to the 15th century adornments from Bysantia, Syria, Egypt, Stockholm, Kiev and Novgorod dominated. Copper, bronze plates were imported from Koln, Braunschweig. Artistically made weapons, armours from Italy, Bielsk became popular. Plenty of silver plates, bronze lustres, made in Gdansk, Augsburg, were imported to Lithuania. Church-bells which had been made in Karaliaučius and Riga, dominated in Lithuania. They were of artistic value.We know about imported furniture from the 18th century. Furniture was often bought from Gdansk, Karaliaučius, Mogiliov. Gdansk and Karaliaučius furniture makers copied Dutch furniture. From the middle of the 18th century they imitated T. Chippendale's furniture. The import of pottery grew. In the 17th century earthenware pots for everyday use from Gardin, Drohiczin, Karaliaučius were mostly imported. In the 18th century artistic china articles from Saxony, Holland, China were popular. These were plates, candlestics. Faience from Karaliaučius, Belveder in Warsaw, Delft manufacturies was in great demand. Stoves from Karaliaučius, Sant-Petersburg, Sweden, Prussia were often mentioned in documents. Glassware import increased with every century. From the 9th to the 14th century Bysantian, Syrian, Egyptian luxury articles, glass adornments from Kiev and Novgorod dominated. Glassware was imported from Zamosc, Sydloviec, Minsk, Karaliaučius, Toruń. These were glasses, goblets, bottles made in German and Dutch manner. In the 18th century most imported mirrors had been made in Karaliaučius, Urečė, Paris manufacturies. Sometimes cutglass ware was brought from Saxony, Bohemia and Silesia.