Ryšys tarp aktoriaus ir žiūrovo: antropologinė perspektyva
LTStraipsnio tikslas – apžvelgti ryšio, susikuriančio tarp aktoriaus ir žiūrovo spektaklio metu, raiškos formas bei lygmenis. Ryšys suprantamas kaip abipusė žmogaus (atlikėjo-aktoriaus) komunikacija su kitu žmogumi (stebėtoju-žiūrovu). Dalyvaujamojo stebėjimo, pusiau struktūruotojo, grupės ir fokusuotos grupės interviu metodais nustatyti trys galimi ryšio tarp aktoriaus ir žiūrovo lygmenys, kuriuose veikia kultūriniai modeliai, simbolių sistemos bei kultūrinės schemos. Straipsnyje išskiriama socialinės dramos idėja, iliustruojanti teatro ir visuomenės sąlytį, taip pat aptariamas abipusis aktoriaus ir žiūrovo komunikacijos procesas, atskleidžiantis nuoseklų, etapinį trijų ryšio lygmenų susikūrimo procesą. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Komunikacija; Kultūriniai modeliai; Kultūrinės schemos; Ritualas; Ryšys tarp aktoriaus ir žiūrovo; Simbolių sistemos; Socialinė drama; Communication; Connection between actor and spectator; Cultural frames; Cultural schemes; Ritual; Social drama; Systems of symbols.
ENThe aim of the article is to define and review the forms and levels of the connection between actor and spectator, developed during a performance. The work includes the following research issues: What is the connection between actor and spectator from actor’s and the spectator’s point of view? How is this connection constructed and created? What are the necessary conditions for this connection to happen? What impact has this connection on actors and spectators during and after performance? The objective of the research is actors (Kaunas kamerinis theatre and Kaunas dramos theatre) and audience (two focus groups). The theoretical approach of the thesis is grounded in anthropology and supplementary data from sociology, theatre and communication studies. The principal methods used in this research are participant observation, semi-structured interviews, group interview and focus group interviews. The connection between actor and spectator is understood not only as transmitted and received symbolic meanings or conceptions of the stage director, where the actor becomes simply one of the elements of performance, and the spectator only the person who perceives these meanings. In this study, this connection is understood as mutual communication, contact, interaction between one person (performer-actor) and another person (observer-spectator). The tasks of the article are divided into three parts. The first part deals with three levels of connection between actor and spectator in which cultural schemes (Sahlins 2003), systems of symbols (Geertz 2005) and cultural frames (Goffman 1974) are functioning.This part explains what significance and influence these levels have for the actor and the spectator. Also, this work analyses social drama, ritual theory and the concepts of "flow" and communitas (Turner 1988) in order to define the general idea of theatre and the connection between theatre and society. Finally, it discusses the communication process in which actors recognize certain events (in the script of the play), interprets and encodes them (by using a cultural scheme, systems of symbols and cultural frames during the rehearsal). During the performance the spectators decode and interpret the meanings of performance. Attention is also drawn to the fact that the audience, by their reactions, can affect the actor’s actions and the performance itself. Analysis of the connection between actor and spectator and theatre itself, from anthropological perspective, is a new area of research in Lithuania. The work is a first step in anthropological theatre studies attempting to analyze the theatrical impact to the public, and of the public influence on the theatre. [From the publication]
