XV-XVII a. grindų dangos archeologinių tyrimų duomenys ir istorinių grindų atkūrimo galimybės
LTVilniaus Žemutinės pilies Lietuvos didžiųjų kunigaikščių rūmų teritorijos archeologiniai tyrimai vyksta jau beveik dvidešimt metų – nuo 1987 m. Susikaupė apie 300 000 radinių, kurių didelė dalis yra susijusi su rūmų bei jų aplinkoje buvusių pastatų interjeru. Vilniaus Žemutinės pilies teritorijoje archeologinių tyrimų metu rasta daugiau kaip 10 000 grindų dangos fragmentų – įvairaus dydžio ir formos rausvo, pilko, juodo ir balto akmens plokščių, neglazūruotų ir įvairios spalvos glazūra dengtų, taip pat ir reljefiniais ornamentais papuoštų keraminių plytelių. Ne visi radiniai pateko į tyrimų ataskaitų radinių sąrašus, nes daugelį metų į šią medžiagą buvo žiūrima tik kaip į statybinių radinių grupę, kurios dalį buvo tikimasi panaudoti atstačius rūmus, o į apskaitą buvo įtraukiami tik atskiri būdingesni elementai. To priežastis – ilgą laiką aiškiai nesuformuluota takoskyra tarp to, kas laikytina archeologiniais, o kas architektūriniais tyrimais, ir baimė muziejus užversti, kaip tuomet atrodė, nereikalingomis statybinėmis šiukšlėmis. Šiuo metu pradėta daryti grindų dangos duomenų bazės analizė, atliekama keraminių grindų plytelių inventorizacija, fiksuojami papildomi duomenys, atspindintys plytelių gamybos technologiją, dėliojami pavieniai plytelių fragmentai, rekonstruojami matmenys, daromos reljefinių plytelių piešinių rekonstrukcijos. Straipsnyje, remiantis archeologinių tyrimų metu rastos grindų dangos pavyzdžiais, analizuojama kokia danga naudota Lietuvos didžiųjų kunigaikščių rūmuose.Reikšminiai žodžiai: Vilniaus žemutinė pilis; Keramikinės grindų plytelės; Grindų rašto rekonstrukcija; Istorinių grindų atkūrimas; Akmeninė grindų danga; Smiltainis; Caro kareivinės; Valdovų rūmų atkūrimas; Vilniaus Žemutinė pilis; Glazūra; Renesansinės grindys; Grindų danga; Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai; Barokinės grindys; Atkūrimas; 15 amžius; 16 amžius; 17 amžius; Vilnius Lower Castle; Floor cover; Archaeological investigations; Restoration; 15th -17th centuries; Vilniaus Žemutinės pilies Lietuvos didžiųjų kunigaikščių rūmai; 15 amžius; 16 amžius; 17 amžius; Archeologiniai tyrimai; Reljefinės plokštelės; Akmeninės plytelės; Ducal palace of the Vilnius Lower Castle; 15-17th cent.; Floor tiles; Relief tiles; Stone plates; Reconstruction of floor design.
ENData about the materials of the floor of the rooms of the Ducal Palace from the Vilnius Lower Castle can be found in scarce historical sources, however, the former floor design, colours of glazes of stone plates or ceramic tiles and ornaments of the tiles themselves arc not mentioned therein at all. It is not always clear what rooms are referred to, the localisation of the rooms is not detailed because at that time it was quite clear what was meant. Archaeological investigations into the Ducal Palace of the Vilnius Lower Castle have been carried out for almost twenty years. The data of archaeological investigations enable us to have an idea about the materials of the floor of specific rooms, dimensions and colours of the floor tiles and stone plates, sometimes about the order of their placement. However, the fact that the Ducal Palace of the Vilnius Lower Castle was pulled down to its foundations as early as the 19th century should not be forgotten. The only part of the Palace in which the surviving floor of the rooms of the ground floor was found is the eastern block. [...]During archaeological investigations carried out in the place of the former palace in the remaining part of the Ducal Palace of the Vilnius Lower Castle, most often the surviving rooms of the basements are discovered. The absolute majority of elements of the floor cover from the last period of existence of the palace were found in the ruins in other than their original place, and any attempts to recreate the former pattern of the floor will always remain more or less hypothetical. The largest amount of elements of the floor cover from the last period of existence of the palace was found during archaeological investigations carried out in 1988 in the basement С located where the eastern and southern blocks joined.The fallen down vaulting of all three floors were discovered there. Quadrangular dark grey and reddish plates of various sizes with a polished surface were used for the floor of the second floor. Also, several profiled reddish and grey stone plates, which lead us to the conclusion that there were elements of a more sophisticated pattern in the room, were discovered. [...] Large dumps of tiles discovered in the surroundings of the Palace during the archaeological investigations, which appeared following large-scale reconstruction, allow us to judge about the floor of the earlier time periods. A large dump of ceramic floor tiles of the palace of the 16th century was found during the archaeological investigations carried out in 2002 in the south-eastern corner of the palace in the ditch dug up while carrying out reconstruction of the southern block of the palace at the end of the 16th - the beginning of the 17th century. A lot of quadrangular and trapezoid ceramic floor tiles covered with many-coloured glaze were dumped together with the renaissance Dutch tiles. [...] The variety of forms, sizes and colours of floor tiles found in the Ducal Palace of the Vilnius Lower Castle enables us to choose complicated variants in reconstructing the floor patterns of the 16th century. In reconstructing floor patterns of the renaissance rooms from quadratic tiles, it is possible to use examples from abundant iconography of the second part of the 15th - the 16th century and combine the tiles not only in a chess-board order but also in more complicated geometrical compositions matching them to the renaissance quadratic floor coffers. Combinations of both one-colour trapezoid and quadratic tiles and those of trapezoid tiles of all four colours - violet, bluish, green and yellow - and one-colour quadratic tiles are possible, thereby an optic impression of the depth of the pattern should be created.Ceramic tiles found in the surroundings of the early brick buildings, the layers of the second part of the 15th - the beginning of the 16th century, as well as tiles of the first part of the 16th century, which decorated the interiors of the gothic buildings located in the territory of the Vilnius Lower Castle, can be used for reconstruction of the floor of the gothic halls of the eastern block of the Palace being restored. [...] The floor reconstruction based on the finds discovered in the territory of the Ducal Palace of the Vilnius Lower Castle thus far has been at the stage of initial proposals only (reconstruction authors arc R. Abramauskienė, V. Abramauskas, dr. N. Kitkauskas). Much work is to be done with the initial database of the findings, and it is only within several years that the results of this work will be possible to make use of. When designing the floor of the Palace being rebuilt it is necessary to avoid combining tiles of different periods and different thickness in a single pattern so that the tiles, which would not have been combined together, should not be placed next to one another. In this way it would be possible to refuse too sophisticated patterns. [From the publication]
