Šv. Jono bažnyčia ir jėzuitų statybinė veikla

LTStraipsnyje aptariami Vilniaus jėzuitų akademijos bažnyčios statybos, rekonstrukcijų ir pritaikymo ordino poreikiams klausimai bendrosios jėzuitų statybinės veiklos kontekste. Abejojama Lietuvos architektūros istorijoje prigijusiu teiginiu, kad po 1571 m. kolegijai atitekusią gotikinę miesto parapinę bažnyčią vienuoliai perstatė ir padidino. Jėzuitams buvo leista naudotis dabartinio tūrio bažnyčia ir jie pasirūpino atnaujinti interjerą, pritaikė jį ordino poreikiams ir tikslams. Kaip rodo rastos po 1737 m. Vilniaus gaisro rekonstruoto vakarinio vėlyvojo baroko formų Šv. Jono bažnyčios fasado analogijos, jo kompoziciją ir plastinį sprendimą padiktavo patys jėzuitai, tuo metu jau turėję sukauptą didelę statybų ir projektų rengimo patirtį. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Universitetas; Bažnyčia; Statybos; Fasadas; įtakos; University; Church; Building; Facade; Influences.

ENVilnius University, from the establishment of the college in 1570 until the annihilation of the Jesuit Order in 1773, was the main citadel of the counter reformation in Northern Europe. The leaders of the Order exerted every effort to construct an ensemble that would acquire archi- 60 tectural expression representing its status and serving the Order's purposes. It had to dominate the environment with the help of its size, magnificence and well chosen location. When Jesuits arrived in Vilnius and settled in the buildings donated to the college in 1569, they started to take care of the construction of the most important building of the University - the church. They planned to build it in the north, behind the school building (the territory of the present Library and M. Sarbievijaus courtyards). However, the construction did not start, because it came out that the lot was unsuitable - it was sloping and damp, the city's sewage went through it. In 1571 Jesuits received permission to use St. Johns' parish church, which according to the archive documents, was the largest in the city. The suggestion accepted by Lithuanian architecture historians that the monks enlarged St. Johns' church after 1571, raises many doubts. None of the documents from the end of the 16th century mention the reconstruction of the building. According to the researchers of the Jesuit Order's building activities, Jesuits of the first generation were not building a lot, but eagerly used existing edifices for their own purposes. Thus, it is possible to suggest that the size of St. Johns' church, when it was given into Jesuits' disposition, was the same as it is now. The Order formed and affirmed a new attitude towards the purpose of the church. It became not only a place of prayer and concentration, but first of all a huge auditorium for sermons and debates.Jesuits did their best to ensure that the modest interior of the Vilnius parish church became more magnificent, when it became the largest auditorium in the city. They constructed a new tabernacle, several new altars, took care of the bells and church music. The monks reconstructed St. Johns' church after the 1737 fire in a very rational and ingenuous way, by recycling material and using experience in the areas of construction, design and architectural expression, acquired in other countries. The analogies of the present western facade of St. Johns' church were found in Trapani in Sicily (a church of a Jesuit college, which was designed by the architect N. Masuci at the turn of the 16 th—17th centuries) and in Turin (the non-surviving facade of St. Phillip Neri designed by G. Guarini in 1679). This allows a hypothesis that Jesuits themselves suggested the visual solution of the Vilnius University church, which was designed by the architect J. K. Glaubic after the 1737 fire. [From the publication]