Bendravimo kultūra: apkalbos Dzūkijoje (XX a. vidurys – XXI a. pradžia)

LTStraipsnio objektas - bandymas pažvelgti į apkalbas kaip į svarbią kaimo bendruomenės kultūros dalį, atspindinčią Dzūkijos regiono bendravimo ypatumus. Tikslas - atskleisti istoriškai susiformavusių Dzūkijos nacionaliniame parke esančių Subartonių, Marcinkonių, Mardasavo, Musteikos, jau bebaigiančių išnykti Pelekiškės, Zakavolių kaimų, taip pat Merkinės miestelio žmonių tarpusavio bendravimo ypatumus bei etiniu ir eminiu kultūros reiškinių tyrinėjimo aspektais nustatyti apkalbų reikšmę. Istorinis lyginamasis metodas buvo naudojamas siekiant atskleisti apkalbų priežastis, jas skatinančius veiksnius ir pasekmes. Lauko tyrimų medžiaga surinkta struktūruoto ir nestruktūruoto interviu metodais. Apklausti 28 respondentai, iš jų 19 moterų ir 9 vyrai. Pagal gimimo metus, išskirtos trys pateikėjų amžiaus grupės: 1) gimę 1925-1945, 2) 1946- 1973, 3) 1974-1988 ir 4) jauniausi, gimę 1989-1992 m. Daugiausia vertingos informacijos apie XX a. Dzūkijos žmonių bendravimą pateikė respondentai, gimę 1925-1933 metais. Išvados: iš tyrimų matyti, kad XX a. viduryje - XXI a. pradžioje istoriškai susiformavusiuose Dzūkijos regiono kaimuose yra išlikusi gyva tradicinė kaimo bendruomenė, turinti specifinius bendravimo ypatumus, pasireiškiančius ir apkalbomis. Tyrimo metu atskleista apkalbų struktūra, jų priežastys ir pasekmės kaimo bendruomenės nariams. Atskleista ne tik negatyvi šio reiškinio pusė, bet ir funkcionali, apsauginė, paveikta archajinių bendravimo papročių ir normų.

ENThis paper is the first attempt to treat slander as an important part of rural community life that reflects particularities of communication in Dzūkija (South East Lithuania). Researching a small community it turned out that Dzūkai enjoyed a collective sense of identity inscribed in a particular way of communication that is slander. The research reveals the structure of slander, its causes and its effects for the members of the community. It is a double edged phenomenon with an obvious downside, but it also performs a functional, protective role that has been influenced by archaic customs and norms of communication. Several age, social status, education, and cultural level groups that differ in their importance, mobility, life perspective and other parameters can be singled out in the rural community at the researched period of time. Empiric data analysis revealed that the biggest part of the community have retained the patriarchal view over social gender roles and relationships. Families enjoying a good reputation become objects of slander as often as people of low reputation. Dzūkai families still believe in a special power of words. A mother's or a father's words have been and are still believed to be able to decide other people's future. The research of neighbours' relationships in the 21st century day to day life in Dzūkija National Park villages has revealed that the neighbourhood is highly valued. However, neighbours often slander each other.This kind of slander signifies close, spontaneous relationships between people. They also mean special attention given to a person living close by. Conflicts would most often be caused by envy. Thus, the economic situation in 21st century Lithuania that is influenced by returning of the land and the after-effects of sovietisation is an important factor. Traditional Dzūkija village culture had clearly set stereotypes of same and others. Such a system of judging people is still in use. Inhabitants of one village often slander the inhabitants of another village, calling them names. Villages still enjoy different statuses based on a positive or negative reputation it enjoys. The material collected for the research testifies to a very special way the native inhabitants of Dzūkija villages interact with "uþeiviai” (visitors), that is people who have come there to live from other neighbourhoods. The strangers are harshly slandered, ignored and isolated until their behaviour and attitude becomes similar to that of the natives.