Prospects for a nonviolent model of national security : the case of Lithuania

LTLietuva yra viena iš nedaugelio valstybių pasaulyje, kurios saugumo ir gynybos strategijoje iki pat narystės Europos Sąjungoje ir NATO šalia karinės gynybos svarbus vaidmuo buvo skiriamas pilietiniam pasipriešinimui (pilietinei gynybai). Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos istorinės aplinkybės bei teorinės prielaidos įtakojusios Lietuvos politinio elito dėmesį šiai netradicinei gynybos formai. Pirmiausiai trumpai apžvelgiama pilietinės gynybos teorijos raida bei nagrinėjamos kai kurių jos elementų taikymo ypatybės Lietuvos išsivadavimo judėjime (1990-1991 metais). Po to analizuojama pilietinės gynybos bei pilietinio pasipriešinimo samprata Lietuvos saugumo ir gynybos politiką reglamentuojančiuose dokumentuose. Galiausiai mėginant atsakyti į klausimą apie pilietinės gynybos vietą ir perspektyvas šiuolaikinėje Lietuvos saugumo sistemoje, daroma išvada, kad euroatlantinės integracijos ir globalizacijos sąlygomis pilietinė gynyba yra pilietinių laisvių išsaugojimo būdas. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Nacionalinis saugumas; Nonviolent; Civilian defence.

ENAfter Lithuania was annexed to Russia in 1795, the Orthodoxy was recognized as the only state religion, which was protected in the civil law, the educational system and in the public life. All the children, born into families of mixed confessions, where one of the spouses was of the Orthodox religion, had to be baptized only in Orthodox churches and brought up in the Orthodox spirit, which resulted that a significant number of residents of Vilnius Ward became Orthodox till the beginning of the 20th century and their cultural preferences and ethnical dependence were changed. The Russification significantly affected the uniate Byelorussians, Catholic Byelorussians were less affected. The Polish nationalism, which utilized the slogans of liberation of the enslaved motherland, had a cultural and moral advantage against the Russian nationalism. The most important institution, which protected the younger generation against the Orthodoxy and Russification, was the mono-ethnic Polish and Lithuanian family. The Catholic Poles (as well as a part of Lithuanians), who were members of families, mixed with Orthodox persons, respected their identity with more spirit. To the descendants of such families the Polish culture was more attractive than the Russian culture. The Polonization, effected through the church and the Russification, effected through the governance institutions pushed most Lithuanian residents of Vilnius Ward to the original process of ethnic assimilation: a significant number of Lithuanians became Byelorussian and than were Polonized. However, they stayed Catholic.