Apie priesagų vedinių vartojimą Lietuvių kalboje

LTŠiam straipsniui panaudota medžiaga autorės surinkta 1987-1989 metais pagal "Leksikos tyrimo anketą", kurią taip pat sudarė autorė. Iš jos matyti kai kurių leksikos variantų, tiek norminių, tiek nenorminių, vartojimas. Pasinaudota ir raštų kalba. Anketoje keliamos šios svarbiausios problemos: 1) tarptautinių žodžių vartojimas (kurį žodį lietuvišką ar tarptautinį, kai jų reikšmės sutamp- dažniausiai linkę vartoti informantai); 2) lietuviškų ir tarptautinių žodžių vartojimas perkeltinėmis reikšmėmis; 3) žodžių reikšmių įvairovė - tas pats žodis gali turėti įvairių reikšmių, pavyzdžiui, guolis - vieniems informantams - tik "gulėjimo vieta", o kitiems "tam tikra mechanizmų dalių atraminė detalė"; siūlas - "plonai susuktas verpalas", chirurginis siūlas, "tech. terminas sriegio siūlas" ir kt.; 4) frazeologizmų vartojimas (kurie frazeologizmai dažniau vartojami ir kurie informantai dažniau juos linkę vartoti); 5) sudurtinių žodžių ir įvairių santrumpų vartojimas; 6) priešdėlių ir priesagų vedinių vartojimas. Tirta, kokia yra realioji atskirų sričių, įvairaus išsilavinimo žmonių kalba. Klausinėti informantai, dirbantys mokslo, gamybos, kultūros, medicinos, buitinio gyventojų aptarnavimo, švietimo, žemės ūkio, ryšių bei transporto srityse. [...] Šį kartą domėjomės mokslo srityje dirbanąių žmonių kalba. Apklausti 98 mokslo sferos darbuotojai. [...] Visi baigę aukštąjį mokslą, daugelis iš jų turintys mokslinius laipsnius ar vardus. Visiems lietuvių kalba yra gimtoji. Vadinasi, tirti dabartinės bendrinės lietuvių kalbos vartotojai, kurių amžiaus vidurkis 37 metai. Domėtasi ir priesagų vedinių vartojimu. Bandyta išsiaiškinti, kuriuos jų dažniau linkstama vartoti, kokios ryškesnės šių vedinių vartojimo tendencijos.Priesagų vediniai įvertinami ir kalbos normos požiūriu. Taigi priesagų vediniai, kurie pateikiami anketoje, buvo parenkami atsižvelgiant į atskirų priesagų darumą ir į būdingiausias klaidas, kurios susijusios su kai kurių priesagų vedinių daryba bei vartojimu. [Iš teksto, p. 163-164].

ENThe present paper is based on the data collected by using a special questionnaire of lexical investigation "Leksikos tyrimo anketa", which was compiled by the author of this report in 1987-1989. This study enables us to determine the usage of some lexical units both in standard and non-standard Lithuanian. Written language was also made use of. The speech of individuals with different educational levels and living in different regions has been studied. The respondents were people from different spheres of activity: science, production, culture, medicine, services, education, agriculture, transport and communications. The questionnaire contained several versions of the word or saying, and the respondent had to make his choice. It turned out that the respondents tended to choose barbarisms and hybrids; word-for-word translation mistakes were made in using complex words, shortened forms, or pre-fixes and suffixes. The majority of people with special and even higher education have a bad command of the Lithuanian language. We were mostly interested in the language used by people engaged in science. A total of 98 respondents have been questioned: philologists, lawyers, economists, engineers, specialists in agriculture, natural sciences, planning and book-keeping. They all are graduates from higher schools, some of them with academic degrees in corresponding fields of science. All of them are native speakers of Lithuanian. The average age of the respondents amounted to 37 years. We were interested in the usage of certain suffix derivatives, and tried to determine to which of them the priority was given. Suffix derivatives were also evaluated in the light of standard Lithuanian. As is known, in standard Lithuanian nouns denoting the names of professions, specialities and occupations have the greatest number of suffixes.The nouns of this kind with the Lithuanian suffix -ininkas, -ė were chosen by 44.73 % of the respondents, while the nouns with the international suffix -istas, -ė by 26.37%. In Lithuanian, suffixes such as -orius, -auninkas, -adijas are also common in these cases. There are very well established hybrids, especially with the suffix -orius (giedorius, pasakorius). A total of 54 (54.1 %) respondents chose the noun pasakorius and 48 (49 %), giedorius. In modern Lithuanian, derivatives with the suffix -ietis, -ė are also commonly used. Just one thing wrong, they are overused. According to our findings, 65.31 % of the respondents preferred the suffix -ietis, -ė and 30.43 %, other corresponding suffixes. In Lithuanian, the suffixes denoting names of tools are very productive. The following suffixes -tuvas, -iklis are most common. Sometimes in technological terminology to denote the same concept, derivatives with -tuvas or -iklis are used simultaneously. Our aim was to determine which suffixes our informants tend to use on condition that the suffixes have the same meaning. Consequently, 66.1 % of our respondents claim to use the derivatives with the suffix -tuvas and 17.33 % the derivatives with the suffix -iklis. We have observed that in spoken Lithuanian and often in written Lithuanian the nouns denoting tools but not professions are more common with the suffixes -ėjas, -tojas. In this respect, the norm of the Lithuanian language is violated, according to which derivatives with the suffixes -ėjas, -tojas denote doers of the action but not tools or materials by means of which the thing is made. In contemporary Lithuanian, abstract nouns become more common. In this case, the most productive suffix is -umas.The influence of the Russian language being very strong, there is an increasing number of nouns with the prefix nu- and suffix -imas; as a rule, they are terms, such as nudujinimas, nukenksminimas, nuskausminimas, nuvandeninimas. Linguists do not approve the usage of these terms, but in scientific literature and everyday use they are very frequent. 54.1 % of the respondents chose exactly this variant. In Lithuanian, the number of adjectives, particularly with the suffix -inis, -ė has also increased. They are often misused instead of a noun in the genitive case. This has been confirmed by our findings, namely 60.02% of our respondents preferred adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė and 34.88% used a noun in the genitive case. Summarizing the data obtained, we may state that 57.65% of our respondents tend to use certain derivatives with suffixes that do not conform to the norms of the Lithuanian language, and only 37.75% of them use the correct language. We may also draw a conclusion that specialists of technical sciences violate the norms more frequently; even 63.73 % of our respondents chose the wrong variants and only 34.35 %, the right ones.