Neravų senovės gyvenvietės tyrimai 2009–2010 metais

LTNeravų senovės gyvenvietė yra Vilniaus m. Grigiškių sen., apie 2,1 km į PR nuo Vokės upės tilto automagistralėje Vilnius-Kaunas, apie 200 m į ŠV nuo Neravų–Grigiškių kapinių, 150 m į PV nuo geležinkelio atšakos pervažos kelyje į Neravus bei 115 m į ŠR nuo Vokės upės vingio ties Grigiškių stadionu. Tyrinėtas plotas nepasižymėjo itin sudėtinga stratigrafija. Archeologinių tyrimų metu gyvenvietėje stebėta tokia stratigrafija: viršuje buvo velėna ir tamsiai pilkas 15–32 cm storio dirvožemio sluoksnis (kaimavietės horizontas), P–PR dalyje dalinai perartas sodinant mišką bei apnaikintas klojant kabelius; žemiau slūgsojo 10–40 cm storio geltonai rudo smėlio sluoksnis (akmens amžiaus gyvenvietės horizontas), kuriam leidžiantis P kryptimi ženkliai didėjo aleurito kiekis; po pastaruoju sluoksniu dengėsi balkšvas–pilkšvas aleuritingas smėlis-įžemis. Abu viršutiniai litologiniai sluoksniai įvardytini kaip atskiri kultūrinio sluoksnio horizontai. Juose ir įžemio viršutinėje dalyje aptikti visi archeologiniai radiniai. Tirto ploto Š dalyje, apie 1 m gylyje aptiktas paauglio kapas. Mirusysis buvo palaidotas mediniame karste, ištiestas ant nugaros. Kaip įkapė dešinėje galvos pusėje buvo padėta XVII a. vidurio sidabruota moneta. Paminėtina, kad keletas žmonių ir žirgų kapų buvo surasta ir kitose tiesiamo kelio vietose, tačiau archeologams apie juos pranešta nebuvo. Tyrimų metu nustatyta, kad šioje vietoje XV–XX a. būta Misijonarkos kaimo, kuris galutinai sunyko prieš pusšimtį metų nutiesus automagistralę. Vykdant tyrimus aptikta ir keletas lipdytinių indų šukių. Lipdytinė keramika dažniausiai yra brūkšniuotu paviršiumi. Išskirtinių indo dalių šukių (pakraštėlių, kaklelių, dugnelių) surasta nedaug. Visa surasta lipdytinė keramika datuotina I tūkst. pr. Kr. ir skirtina Brūkšniuotosios keramikos kultūrai. [...] [p. 25-27, 31].

ENNeravai ancient settlement (city of Vilnius) was founded on the gently sloping right bank of the river Vokė and on the level plateau of its upper terrace. But geomorphologically the settlement was founded at the bottom of the Švenčionėliai–Vilnius–Warsaw-Berlin–Hamburg Urstromtal: part of the area in the SE part is on the former riverbed and bank, and the remaining part on an island in the former valley. A total of about 450 m2 was investigated during an archaeological excavation at this site during the 2009–2010 construction of a viaduct and road. During the settlement’s excavation, the following stratigraphy was noted: on top was a dark grey, 15–32 cm thick layer of top soil (village site horizon), under it a 10–40 cm thick layer of yellow brown sand (stone age settlement horizon), and under this, a layer of whitish-greyish aleuritic sand-sterile soil. A total of about 7800 flint finds, produced from good quality local grey flint, were found during the excavation. The bulk of the flint inventory (about 81%) consisted of flakes and chips, while the blades and blade pieces comprised only 15.5%. 72 cores were found (with bipolar prismatic and single platform conical cores predominating). Eight small knapped fieldstones and 11 intact ones were also found. Various hunting-fishing gear was found in abundance: 10 tanged points and only 12 microliths of various types (trapeziums, microblades reminiscent of a scalene triangle). Tools were discovered in greater abundance: 54 scapers, 30 burins, 18 special purpose artefacts, 23 artefact fragments, 5 small axes/chisels, a borer/awl, a spike, and a combination artefact. Non-flint stone was also used for the production of artefacts in the settlement. About 90 flakes, knapped or polished pieces, and round chipped pieces of other stones (sandstone, granite, and quartz) were found.Judging from the typological-technological criteria of the flint inventory and the arrangement of the flint finds, it is possible to justifiably assert that two different technocomplexes can be distinguished at the excavated settlement: early Swiderian culture from the final palaeolithic (11th millennium BC) and Kunda culture from the first half of the mesolithic (preboreal-boreal period). The remains of three buildings that had existed at some time, two of which were sunken fairly deeply, were discovered in the stone age horizon. They were 3–4 m diameter, irregular, round stains, which displayed a bowl shape in the vertical section. They should be connected with the central part of the homes that stood at the site. One that dated to the final palaeolithic even contained the site of a spread out hearth. The central part of this building had been sunk more than 1.5 m into the ground. In another, mesolithic building the largest concentration of flint finds, which in places even formed a sort of floor, was discovered. The third building was only slightly sunken. Its contour is clearly marked by an especially abundant incidence of burnt bones. The building had a hearth. This building should also be dated to the mesolithic. A number of storage pits, which had been filled with organic rubbish, were also identified in the area. Several of them, judging from the texture of the sediment, appear to have been used as a toilet.The village site horizon contained about 100 fragments of glass artefacts of various shapes and about 300 various metal artefacts: 16th mid 20th century coins, 20th century seals, buttons, bullets and casings, a large quantity of hand-forged nails, fragments of various iron artefacts, a triangular lock, a bracelet fragment, a small ring, a pin, etc. About 6370 vessels sherds, the bulk of which consist of partly thrown, oxidation fired vessel sherds, were discovered. Some sherds are decorated with bands of wavy or horizontal lines. A small percentage had green or brown glaze. It should be mentioned that a small quantity of fragments of reduction fired or white clay mass vessels were found. About 5/6 of all of the sherds consist of fragments of vessel walls, and rest of vessel rims, necks, handles, and bottoms. An adolescent burial was found at a depth of about 1 m in the N part of the excavated area. The individual had been buried in an extended supine position in a wooden coffin. A mid 17th century silver coin had been placed to the right of the head as a grave good. During the excavation it was determined that Misijonarka village, which had finally disappeared fifty years before the motorway was built, had existed at this site during the 15th–20th centuries. In summarising the excavation results it is possible to state that thanks to the specific composition of the soil, this settlement was perhaps the best preserved of the all the final palaeolithic first half of the mesolithic settlements currently known in Lithuania. Unfortunately, this settlement has not yet been included in the NKVR, even though intensive road reconstruction and earthwork are quickly destroying the remaining part of the settlement’s territory.