Lietuvos Respublikos stipendininkai užsienio šalių dailės mokyklose 1918-1940 m

LTDailės studijų galimybės Lietuvos Respublikoje 1918-1940 m. buvo ribotos. Tarpukario metais teįkurta vienintelė speciali dailės mokykla Kaune. Pergyvenusi kelias reformas per beveik dvidešimtį egzistavimo metų Kauno meno mokykla gerokai išaugo ir pačioje 4-ojo dešimtmečio pabaigoje virto aukštąja taikomosios dailės mokykla - Kauno taikomosios dailės institutu. KMM augti ir plėtotis buvo labai svarbios jaunųjų dailininkų studijos užsienio šalyse. Šios studijos plėtė akiratį, padėjo įgyti specialių žinių, būtinų kūrybiniam ir pedagoginiam darbui Lietuvoje. Kadangi stipendijas studijoms užsienio šalyse dažniausiai gaudavo veržlumu bei meniniais gabumais pasižymėję jaunuoliai, tai būtent užsienyje studijavusieji sudarė jaunosios dailininkų kartos, suteikusios naujų bruožų XX a. pirmosios pusės Lietuvos dailei, branduolį. Užsienio studijų etapas reikšmingas dailininko kūrybinio metodo formavimuisi, leidžia atsekti ne tik individualaus stiliaus ištakas, bet kartu padeda paaiškinti ir bendrus stilistinius pokyčius, intensyviai vykusius 4-ojo dešimtmečio Lietuvos dailėje. Studijų finansavimas buvo viena valstybės dailės mecenato formų, ir atitinkamos institucijos reguliavo šių studijų kryptis bei pobūdį, priderindamos valstybės reikmėms. Tad apžvelgiant Lietuvos jaunuolių dailės studijas užsienyje, ryškėja kai kurie būdingi valstybės politikos dailės srityje ypatumai [p. 284].

ENIn the period between 1918 and 1940 possibilities to study art in Lithuanian Republic were very limited. The only special art school in the period named above functioned in Kaunas, and only at the end of 30s it acquired status of the higher educational institution. Essential in regard to the growth and development of Kaunas’ Art School were studies abroad which allowed artists of the younger generation to obtain diplomas and degrees that were necessary to teach. At the same time studies abroad enabled them to enlarge their horizons and acquire special skills that were needed for artistic creation as well as their pedagogic undertakings in Lithuania. It was precisely those grant- holders who studied abroad that constituted a nucleus of the younger generation of artists, the generation that gave a new character to Lithuanian art of the first half of XX century. The period of the foreign studies was decisive in a formation of creative methods of each of the artists; it allows us not only to trace the origins of an individual style, but helps also to explain general stylistic changes that vehemently were taking place in the Lithuanian art of 30s as well. Financial support for studies abroad was one of the forms that the state patronage assumed, and corresponding state institutions regulated those studies according to the state needs. Therefore a survey of young Lithuanian artists’ studies abroad manifests several characteristics of the state policy in art. Kaunas' Art School was a superior school, the primary task of which was to provide elementary and secondary schools with teachers of drawing, so that its teaching program was rather primitive.The founders of Kaunas' Art School did not attempt to create an art academy, which they in any case would not have been able to do at the moment, since the cultural development in Lithuania had not reached the necessary level, and the skilled teachers as well as experts of the particular fields were lacking, and the elementary teaching of art had not been instituted. Eventually a Special, or Higher Department was opened in Kaunas' Art School. The very first statute of the School foresaw a state grant for the graduates of the latter and for the students distinguished for their artistic talents. The grant would allow a student to study two years abroad. Teachers and qualified specialists were needed not only for Kaunas' Art School. Since 1926 state schools of crafts that were administered by Ministry of Education had been started to establish. Till mid-30s Kaunas Art School could not provide teachers for the soon to be established craft schols, since prior to that time applied art was not taught in it at all. Therefore Ministry of Education took care to start providing students with grants to study crafts and applied art abroad and after their return teach these subjects in Kaunas' Art School and in craft schools. There arose a necessity to have Lithuanian own artists who would be able to work in decoration of architecture and to establish studios for production of ceramics, textile, jewellery etc. That very necessity caused the concern on the part of state officials to train specialists of crafts and applied art as well. Grands were provided according general procedure of grant-giving for students. Students of art did not have any special status in that procedure (special rules in providing grants were applied only to those who studied military science and diplomacy). Rules for grants in higher education were authorised in 1919.The „Law of State Grants and Subsidies” has come into force in 1928. and „Rules for Enactment of the Law of State Grants and Subsidies” were published in 1932. Students of art used to receive two kinds of grants - there were scholarships either to specialise in art, or to study crafts. The former kind of scholarship was slightly greater than the latter, so that some of the artists used to have scantier grants than their colleagues who had the same conditions. Alongside the aforementioned grants the state also provided subsidies for those who wanted to pursue the further perfection in their field of studies. In spite of that there were numerous complications connected with a state system of grant-giving, private studies abroad were rarely attempted. Primarily it was due to the fact that very few of the art students were from well-to-be families, while a private patronage scarcely functioned. Some of students used to start studies with their own funds and afterwards apply for a state grant. They used to apply to Ministry of Education, producing an evidence testifying their proficiency in their studies, and thereby acquire grants from Ministry of Education or other state instilutions. [...].