Derybų su Rusija 1990-1992 m. fragmentai

LT1990 m. kovo 11-osios Aktu Lietuvos valstybės nepriklausomybė buvo atkurta teisiškai. Prasidėjo nelengvas jos įtvirtinimo ir diplomatinio pripažinimo kelias. Jau kovo 13-ąją Lietuvos Respublikos Aukščiausioji Taryba - Atkuriamasis Seimas - kreipėsi į Michailą Gorbačiovą, siūlydama pradėti derybas dėl Lietuvoje neteisėtai esančios kariuomenės išvedimo. Nuo 1990 m. rugpjūčio pabaigos prasidėjo Lietuvos parlamento paskirtos delegacijos derybiniai susitikimai su M. Gorbačiovo paskirta SSRS vyriausybine delegacija dėl abiejų valstybių santykių sureguliavimo. Tačiau nuo pat pradžių tapo aišku, kad SSRS Vyriausybė derybas tik imituoja. Čia norėčiau akcentuoti, kad fundamentalioje Lietuvos atstovų nuostatoje, jog Lietuvos nepriklausomybė nėra derybų objektas, glūdėjo visa 1990-1992 m. derybų su SSRS-Rusija sunkumų esmė. Prisiminkime, kad šia nuostata tvirtai vadovavosi dar mūsų pirmtakai, 1920 metais derėdamiesi dėl santykių su Rusijos imperija nustatymo. Galime prisiminti buvus ir kitokią nuostatą, kurią 1990 m. vasario 7 d. buvo suformulavusi paskutines dienas gyvavusi Lietuvos SSR Aukščiausioji Taryba. Tame dokumente buvo numatyta „pasiūlyti Sovietų Sąjungai pradėti dvišales derybas dėl Lietuvos valstybės nepriklausomybės atkūrimo", t. y. nepriklausomybę traktuojant kaip derybų objektą [p. 209].

ENOn March 13, 1990, the Supreme Soviet / Constituent Assembly of the Republic of Lithuania appealed to M. Gorbachev with a proposal to begin negotiations. The Lithuanian position was that negotiations were needed for the withdrawal of troops illegally stationed in Lithuania; the independence of Lithuania was not negotiable. This position was unacceptable to the Soviet Union. Negotiations did not take place. On July 19, 1990, a commission (chaired by Č. Stankevičius) was formed to negotiate with the Russian Federation. When negotiations began, a problem emerged: Lithuania had declared complete sovereignty, while Russian claimed to be a sovereign member of the Soviet Union. Lithuania proposed that the negotiators limit themselves to a joint declaration in which the treaty of 1920 would be recognized as the basis for relations and that they undertake to undo the consequences of the forcible incorporation in 1940 of Lithuania into the USSR. There was an important and long discussion concerning the formula: "in thesphere ofdefense the parties will implement sovereignty in ways that theyfind acceptable, including collective security systems" The treaty signed on July 29, 1991, to regulate national relations between Lithuania and the RF was not what Lithuania had sought, but it became very significant for the future. When the RF ratified this treaty on January 17, 1992, it had already declared itself the successor of the USSR and assumed its rights and obligations.On January 31, 1992, negotiations began in Vilnius concerning how and by when Soviet troops were to be withdrawn. Russia demanded that the temporary presence of her army in Lithuanian territory be legalized, that even the army itself be represented in the negotiations, and that Russia's right to military installations and to compensation for them be recognized. Lithuania agreed to recognize only the basic human rights of people serving in the army and demanded compensatory damages for the 1940 incorporation. Russia did not deny that this demand was justified. On June 14, 1992, Lithuania had a referendum on the withdrawal of Soviet troops and on compensatory damages. This referendum had influence on the declaration, made on July 10, 1992, at the CSCE Summit in Helsinki, which demanded that "agreements be made forthe withdrawal of foreign troops from the Baltic States." On September 8, 1992, a timetable for the withdrawal of troops from Lithuania was signed in Moscow. Its validity was confirmed by a resolution of the General Assembly of the UN on November 25, 1992. Lithuania, alone among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe as well as the Baltic, did not grant any kind of legal status to the withdrawing troops.