Egzistencializmo filosofijos poveikis Vytauto Mačernio kūrybai

LTStraipsnyje analizuojama lietuvių tautos poeto Vytauto Mačernio poezija egzistencializmo filosofijos poveikio šiai kūrybai aspektu. Minimi tokie autoriai kaip Soren’as Kierkegaard’as, Karl’as Jaspers’as, Martin’as Heidegger’is ir jų minties poveikis šiam autoriui. V. Mačernis atsakymų į jam nuolat kilusius klausimus apie savo egzistavimo šiame pasaulyje prasmę ieškojo filosofijoje, išgrynindamas tikrąsias vertybes. Jis tikėjo, kad taip gali surasti atsakymą, kaip išlikti žmogumi nuolat besikeičiančiame ir pavojingame pasaulyje. Taip atrado Dievą ir krikščioniškąsias vertybes, tėvynės meilę ir patriotiškumą. Jį jaudino gyvenimo ir mirties dialektika, blogio ir gėrio priešprieša, žmogaus gyvenimo didingumas. Poetas tvirtai tikėjo amžinuoju gyvenimu, tuo, kad mirtis nenutraukia asmens egzistencijos: ji tik pakinta, bet nenutrūksta. V. Mačernio žmogus nuolat ieško tiesos ir atsakymų į žmogiškosios būties klausimus, jausdamas, kad jo gyvenimas yra laikinas, reikia skubėti, jei nori gyventi prasmingai. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Mačernis, egzistencializmas, Dievoieška. [Iš leidinio]

ENThe complicated life of Vytautas Mačernis, unloved by his mother from birth, as well as the accompanying losses of his closest and loved ones since his childhood, living in constant poverty, and without clear prospects for the future, conditioned the desire to express all inner pain through creativity. The constant presence of death nearby formed a pessimistic attitude towards life, which was later reflected in creativity. This paper analyses what life and death meant to the poetry of Vytautas Mačernis through the ideas of Existentialist philosophy. Aspects of the poet’s life and surroundings that influenced his work are reviewed. The possible applicability of ideas of Existentialist philosophy in the work of a spiritual consultant is also presented. In his poetry, Mačernis sought answers to existential questions that constantly arose for him about the meaning of human existence, suffering, and death. The human being is in a constant process of searching. He looks for answers when he is alone. All experiences are individual. Man must find the meaning of his life himself. Suffering is an inseparable companion of man. By overcoming suffering, a person feels the meaning of his existence. Death helps a person realise the meaning of his existence, because it shows his temporality and his fragility. A person can live his life more meaningfully knowing that death is always nearby, but at the same time believing in eternal life and trusting in God’s mercy and justice. Mačernis lived in a period of historical upheavals and change. Although during the period of independent Lithuania, good conditions were created for creative expression, the beginning of the German occupation and the war caused constant anxiety and uncertainty.Solutions are sought in the works of Existentialist philosophers, in which a person freely creates himself and takes responsibility, and at the same time does not know the meaning of his existence, which he must create himself. According to the Existentialists, there are two forms of existence, authentic and non-authentic. Authentic existence means focusing on a transcendent being beyond the realm of the everyday. Mačernis’ life was a real existence, because he cared more about spiritual things, he tried to comprehend how to understand the question of life, what the most important values in life are, and to understand the temporality of human life. At a very young age, Mačernis saw himself as a personality according to the Maslow pyramid. This shows his great spiritual maturity. According to Kierkegaard, the founder of Existentialist philosophy, real existence is religious, because it is the only way to reach the highest level of human spiritual evolution. The deepest meaning of human existence is faith and God. Mačernis’ lyrical subject also receives confirmation that his presence in this world can be meaningful, because he can reach God. Heidegger is considered to have formulated the basic principles of Existentialism. Man looks for answers everywhere, both in faith and in science, but he does not get an answer that would answer the fundamental question of human life, why does he live at all? Mačernis, like Heidegger, constantly asks questions with his poetry, and constantly searches for answers to his questions. Man looks for answers everywhere, both in faith and in science, but he does not get a response that answers the fundamental question of human life, why does he live at all? Heidegger believed that every person must search for his relationship with death. This is the only true way of life.Mačernis was well acquainted with Karl Jaspers’ philosophical thought, because in his work issues of human existence are often solved through the borderline situations analysed by Jaspers. A person constantly gets into situations that are beyond his control. It can be death, struggle, suffering, guilt, or random circumstances beyond the control of the person. Mačernis leaves the disturbed person alone to decide on questions of being, to experience the loneliness of being, and to realise his individuality. His lyrical subject is always asking about life, about the meaning of existence, but nobody can answer, only he himself. The lyrical subject of Mačernis can choose faith according to Kierkegaard as a means for the human being to achieve peace of mind, can perceive the meaning of life through the inevitability of death according to Heidegger, and can experience borderline situations, such as suffering, death and struggle, in order to, according to Jaspers, feel the meaning of his existence. Keywords: Mačernis, Existentialism, searching for God. [From the publication]

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