Skirtingų tyrimų įtaka sienų tapybos restauravimui

LTStraipsnyje apžvelgiami paskutinių metų sienų tapybos restauravimo darbų projektai, kur buvo naudojami skirtingi tyrimų metodai, jų tikslingumas ir pasiekti rezultatai.

ENThe article reviews the projects of wall painting restoration works of the recent year, for which different research methods have been used, their expediency and achieved results. The history of restoration in Lithuania dates back almost 100 years. In order to create a restoration program for the object, it is necessary to delve not only into the surviving authentic materials, but also to review the surviving documents or photographs, and to use the lastill play a very important role. These researches allow to determine the age of painting, technique of performance, layers of painting and the authenticity of the object. Restorers often find it difficult to determine the relationship between authentic painting and staining, so we increasingly use physical studies with UV and IR rays. In wall painting it is not as effective a method of measles as in easel painting, for example, but some results can also be achieved. Of course, one of the most important researches is the analysis of historical documents and photographs. In Lithuania, each restoration of a cultural heritage object begins with research. It could be said that the state’s approach to this issue is very friendly and fair with regard to Cultural Heritage. A number of by-laws have been issued, orders of the Minister of Culture which regulate the content and even the form of research in some detail. Research can only be performed by certified specialists with a researcher’s qualification. They can be architects, painters and restorers. However, the main purpose of the research content is to help the restorer make the right decision in the restoration process. Based on the research, a Restoration Program is later developed. In our practice, over the years, the content of research, or otherwise the main parts that are necessary for the successful restoration of wall paintings, has formed.Archival research. Any cultural heritage artifact has its own history, which can be preserved in engravings, drawings by other artists, photographs, textual writings, accounting books, people’s memories. The last aspect, although very subjective, can sometimes inspire a broader archival study. Therefore, old people’s stories about the picture, chandelier, or decor seen should not be underestimated. Probing and identification of authentic layers. The restorer looks for the original decor layer by uncovering layers of paint or plaster in significant places. Several layers of later repainting are also often found, which can radically differ in their style and manner of performance. The task of the restorer-researcher is to identify them and determine the composition. We call this Stratigraphy and Retrospective. The layer selected for display must meet several criteria at the same time. These are historical significance, artistic level of performance, and degree of survival. The decision is made in consultation with more experienced colleagues in the Restoration Council. Chemical research is one of the most important parts in identifying the pigment composition of discovered episodes and the binders of authentic paint layers. In this way, we cannot do without the help of chemical technologists to detect damage to painting layers with salts and microorganisms. By determining the chemical composition of the pigments, it is possible quite precisely define the painting period, according to the prevailing pigments at that time.UV and IR analysis often helps to identify subsequent overlay layers and to determine the locations of future samples for chemical studies. Microscopic examination of the paint layer reveals the extent of micro-cracks and helps to determine the composition of the paint. With sufficient magnification, it is possible to easily distinguish by pigment spots which pigments have been used to obtain one or another authentic color. All the concluded parts of the study are very important only after combining them. Therefore, a team of researchers consisting of restorers, architects, chemists and physicists together must complement each other to answer two key questions - What is it? And how to restore it?.